{"id":1650,"date":"2018-02-16T16:39:02","date_gmt":"2018-02-16T14:39:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.tpocg.org\/blog\/?p=1650"},"modified":"2018-02-16T16:39:02","modified_gmt":"2018-02-16T14:39:02","slug":"pavlovun-insanlari-kitap-okuyamamak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.tpocg.org\/blog\/pavlovun-insanlari-kitap-okuyamamak","title":{"rendered":"Pavlov\u2019un \u0130nsanlar\u0131: Kitap Oku(ya)mamak"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Okumak… \u0130nsano\u011flunun beyninde 5400 sene \u00f6nce ilk ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir yeti. Evet, beynimizde okumaktan sorumlu ba\u011flant\u0131lar dizisi var. Bu diziler biz daha okumay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeden bile beynimizde yerini ay\u0131r\u0131yor. Tabii bu bir a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00f6k\u00fc gibi biz okuduk\u00e7a k\u00f6kle\u015fen, artan yollar. Hatta bu y\u00fczdendir ki bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma da g\u00f6steriyor: Okumak zihinsel esnekli\u011fi artt\u0131r\u0131yor. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Zihinsel esneklik, bir ki\u015finin bir durumun de\u011fi\u015fen taleplerine g\u00f6re bir dizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce veya eylemi de\u011fi\u015ftirme yetene\u011fidir. Bir ki\u015finin eldeki durumun gereksinimlerine daha iyi uyan bir alternatif olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in bir \u00f6nceki yan\u0131t k\u00fcmesinden veya kal\u0131b\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flar. Hani derler ya okuyan adam daha geni\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcd\u00fcr diye, do\u011fru. Fakat bu yaz\u0131 daha \u00e7ok oku(ya)mayan insanlara hitap ediyor ki e\u011fer sizde \u00f6yleyseniz beyninizde bu yollar\u0131n geli\u015fimine yeterince zaman tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in bu yaz\u0131 i\u00e7in kendinizi biraz zorlaman\u0131z\u0131 rica edece\u011fim.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u015eimdi kitab\u0131n faydalar\u0131n\u0131 sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m k\u0131sma ge\u00e7ece\u011fimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz ama hay\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta sigaran\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131n kutunun \u00fcst\u00fcnde yazmas\u0131 nas\u0131l pek i\u015fe yaramad\u0131ysa \u00a0kitap okuman\u0131n faydalar\u0131n\u0131 saymak da bir insan\u0131 bir anda okur yapmaz. Hele kitap okuma al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayatta kazand\u0131rmaz, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k rutin gerektirir. Neyse, sigara demi\u015fken bir \u00f6nce ki yaz\u0131da sigaradaki nikotinin mezolimbik dopamin \u00f6d\u00fcl sistemindeki resept\u00f6rlere eklenerek t\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in merkezi bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsettim. Kaleyi i\u00e7ten fethediyor diyelim. Onun bu tipsizlikle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir kitap neden beceremiyor? \u00dcstelik i\u00e7 organa zarardan \u00e7ok zeka geli\u015fimine bile katk\u0131s\u0131 olan bir eylemden bahsediyoruz. Ayr\u0131ca biz kitap okurken de dopamin salg\u0131lan\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u015eu an siz bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 okurken de dopamin salg\u0131l\u0131yorsunuz ama i\u00e7inizde bir huzursuzluk var. Neden? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc dikkat s\u00fcrenizi \u00e7oktan ge\u00e7tim. Art\u0131k bu yaz\u0131ya odaklanman\u0131z i\u00e7in kendinizi zorluyorsunuz. Asl\u0131nda bu okumak istemedi\u011finizden de\u011fil \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ben m\u00fckemmel bir yazar\u0131m, de\u011fil mi? Her neyse \u015fu an yan sekmede Facebook ya da Twitter a\u00e7mak daha cazip olacakt\u0131. A\u00e7 diye demiyorum sadece i\u00e7inde ki o d\u00fcrt\u00fcy\u00fc hissetmeni ve \u015fu an o d\u00fcrt\u00fcye uymaman\u0131 istiyorum. Kendini kendin kontrol etmeni istiyorum. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u015eimdi i\u015fin sana bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p bir tak\u0131m bilgiler sunmadan \u00f6nce \u00fclkemizin i\u00e7ler ac\u0131s\u0131 bir ka\u00e7 istatisti\u011fini sunmak istiyorum. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin %70 kitap oku(ya)mayan k\u0131sm\u0131na hitap etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek herkese ula\u015ft\u0131rmak zor olacak. Bilenler bilmeyenlere anlats\u0131n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0130statistik kurumunun 2016 verilerine g\u00f6re 15-24 ya\u015f aras\u0131 gen\u00e7lerin \u00a0%93,9\u2019u son bir ay i\u00e7inde bo\u015f vakitlerinde TV izlemeye vakit ay\u0131rd\u0131. Televizyonu akraba, arkada\u015f ziyareti ve sosyal medya takip ediyor. Gen\u00e7lerin %44,8\u2019i kitap okumaya vakit ay\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Eurosat\u2019\u0131n 2011 verisine g\u00f6re de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sadece %30\u2019luk k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u0131lda 1 kitap okumu\u015f. %20\u2019si 5 kitap alt\u0131, %7 si 5-9 kitap aras\u0131, %3\u2019\u00fc 10 kitap ve \u00fcst\u00fc. 7 senede neler neler olmu\u015ftur sen hesap et \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hala hesap eden bir kurum \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Okuma K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Haritas\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kitap okuyan insanlar\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama okudu\u011fu kitap say\u0131s\u0131 7.2. Okuyucular\u0131n %45.3 \u00fc d\u00fczensiz, rastgele se\u00e7ilmi\u015f kitap okuyor. \u00c7o\u011fu, d\u00fczenli bir yazar takip etmiyor ve yay\u0131nevi tercihi yapm\u0131yor. Asl\u0131nda okuyan kitlenin \u00e7o\u011fu da ne okudu\u011funun, neden okudu\u011funun fark\u0131nda de\u011fil. Ki bu da mesela kitap okuma al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u0131lmamas\u0131nda ki en b\u00fcy\u00fck etkenlerden biri.Kimse bir d\u00fcnya klasi\u011fi ile okumaya ba\u015flamak zorunda de\u011fil ya da Tutunamayanlar ile. Her zaman her zevke uyan bir kitap vard\u0131r yeter ki aray\u0131n t\u0131pk\u0131 iki saatlik iyi film i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 saat y\u00fcz tane film fragman\u0131 izledi\u011finiz gibi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0130statistikleri kullanarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m matematiksel bir hesapla durumu \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyebilirim: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 7 milyon \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencisi var ama T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sadece 60 bin \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencisi ayl\u0131k en az bir kitap okumaktad\u0131r. Sad but true.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gelelim bilimsel k\u0131s\u0131ma. Yukar\u0131da verdi\u011fim belki yanl\u0131\u015f kitap se\u00e7imi ve geli\u015fmemi\u015f okuma beyin yolundan daha ana bir sebep oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u015feye. Eskiden hep kitap okumayan insanlar\u0131 su\u00e7lard\u0131m, ele\u015ftirirdim. Zaten bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n fikri oradan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Belki dedim ben fazla ac\u0131mas\u0131z yakla\u015f\u0131yorum. Acaba bu bu i\u015fte bir bit yeni\u011fi mi vard\u0131?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dopaminin \u00f6zelliklerini hat\u0131rlayarak ad\u0131m ad\u0131m gidelim.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00d6ncelikle eylemin tekrarlanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak eylemi al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k haline getirecek g\u00fcd\u00fclenmeyi sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Bu eylem ne kadar fazla beyin uyaran\u0131na sahipse g\u00f6rsel, i\u015fitsel g\u00fcd\u00fclenme de o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 oluyor. Dopamin kitap okurken de salg\u0131lansa video oyunu oynarken de salg\u0131lansa arada fazlas\u0131yla uyar\u0131 fark\u0131 var. T\u00fcm teknolojik aletleri, sosyal medya uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131, video oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 vb. d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn, hepsi bizim dikkatimizi \u00e7ekmek ve onlara y\u00f6nelmemiz \u00fcst\u00fcne kurulu. Beynimizi uyarmaya dayal\u0131. Bildirim sesleri, \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131, ara y\u00fcz\u00fcn renkleri, deseni… Hele bir de zaten \u00f6d\u00fcl hissi veren bir \u015feyin i\u00e7inde kendine ait bir \u00f6d\u00fcl sistemi varsa -video oyunlar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 uygulamalar gibi- dopamin bu t\u00fcr \u015feylere \u00e7ok daha fazla g\u00fcd\u00fcy\u00fc size a\u015f\u0131layacakt\u0131r. Her bildirimden gelen uyar\u0131m ve bilgi beyinde dopamine salg\u0131s\u0131na sebep olacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Harvard E\u011fitim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde g\u00f6rev yapan klinik psikolog Bobvie Wegner olay\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klar: \u201cTeknolojik cihaz, televizyon, uygulama gibi \u015feylerin hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7inde her yere yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde bulunmas\u0131 beynimizin kimyas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek konsantre olma kapasitemizi etkiler. \u00c7ocuklar ve yeti\u015fkinler; internet, sosyal medya ve online oyunlar etraf\u0131nda birinden di\u011ferine atlayarak dopamin salg\u0131s\u0131 aramaktad\u0131rlar. Ekranda ne kadar fazla insan-ba\u011flant\u0131 varsa o kadar fazla kimyasal olarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k haline gelir. \u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dopamin ile ilgili bir di\u011fer \u015fey ise dopamin iste\u011finin a\u011flayan bir bebek gibi susmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ona istedi\u011fini hemen vermenizdir, bu sizi k\u00f6t\u00fc bir ebeveyn yapar ama asl\u0131nda bizim beynimizin a\u011flamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tutum tam da bu. \u00d6nceki yaz\u0131da size dopamin seviyesi artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f farelerin normal seviyede dopamine sahip farelerden \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve odaklanm\u0131\u015f \u015fekilde hedefe ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan bahsetmi\u015ftim, bunu g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131za uyarlarsak Twitter\u2019dan gelen bildirimle ba\u015flayan artan dopamin salg\u0131s\u0131 sizi \u0130nstagram bildirimine bakmaya da zorlayacak, daha sonra Facebook\u2019u kontrol etmeye. Hatta bunun ileri seviyesi Infomnia diye bilinen bir hastal\u0131\u011fa s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fcyor. Ve bu atlamalar o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 ki \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir i\u00e7erik kontrol\u00fc bir ka\u00e7 saniye s\u00fcrer sadece. Siz oradan oraya atlarken beyninizi size az miktarda dopamin verecek \u015feylere ve h\u0131za programl\u0131yorsunuz. Eskiden bu kadar kolay ya da h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fildi dopamine ula\u015fmak. Hayat\u0131m\u0131za son bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde giren ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefon ve uygulamalar art\u0131k beyni daha h\u0131zl\u0131 uyarman\u0131n arac\u0131 oldu. Bir ki\u015fi odaklamas\u0131n\u0131 bir g\u00f6revden di\u011ferine h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kayd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da dikkat s\u00fcresini, Doktor Wegner\u2019in deyimi ile konsantre olma kapasitesini etkiler, k\u0131salt\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcrekli kontrol etme, bu \u00e7oklu g\u00f6rev dikkat s\u00fcresini azaltt\u0131 ve hala azaltmaya devam etmekte.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Televizyonlar bile art\u0131k uzun geliyor, yerini k\u0131sac\u0131k videolara b\u0131rakt\u0131. Gazeteler yerine 3 c\u00fcmlelik anl\u0131k haber bildirimleri yeterli oluyor. Art\u0131k uzun hi\u00e7bir \u015feye sabr\u0131m\u0131z yok, h\u0131za al\u0131\u015fan dopamin bizim dikkatimizi bir \u015feye bile vermemize engel. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana insan\u0131n dikkat s\u00fcresi 4 saniye d\u00fc\u015ferek 8\u2019e indi ki bu akvaryumda ki bal\u0131ktan bile az. Bu size beyninizin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenimi verebilir ama hay\u0131r aksine daha k\u0131sa bir dikkat s\u00fcresi s\u0131\u011f bilgi i\u015flemeye neden olur. Ka\u00e7\u0131m\u0131z okudu\u011fumuz tivitleri, facebook durumlar\u0131n\u0131 an\u0131ms\u0131yoruz ki?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bunlar\u0131n kitapla ne alakas\u0131 var? Kitaplar uzun dikkat s\u00fcresine g\u00f6re tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 dakika gibi. 8 saniye nerede 20 dakika nerede? \u015eu an ki toplumumuzun kitap okuyamamas\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedenlerden biri, sebeplerini verdi\u011fim bu dikkat s\u00fcresinin k\u0131salmas\u0131. Bunu uzun odak gerektiren di\u011fer eylemler i\u00e7in de genelleyebiliriz. Art\u0131k ders \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak da, ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak da, spor yapmak da fazla zor. Asl\u0131nda bir n\u00f6robilimci olan Daniel J. Levitin bizim i\u00e7in zorla\u015fan bu eylemlerin sosyal medyada vakit ge\u00e7irmekten daha fazla zihnen yorgunla\u015ft\u0131ran \u015feyler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor \u201cDikkatinizi g\u00f6revden g\u00f6reve kayd\u0131rmak daha fazla enerji gerektirir. Odaklanmak daha az enerji harc\u0131yor. Bu da, zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 odaklanmalar\u0131na izin verecek \u015fekilde d\u00fczenleyen ki\u015filerin yaln\u0131zca daha fazla i\u015fe yarayacaklar\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmiyor, bunu yapt\u0131ktan sonra daha az yorgun ve n\u00f6rokimyasal olarak daha t\u00fckenmi\u015f olacaklar\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Teknolojik cihazlar\u0131 odak gerektiren eylemlerde ortamdan uzak tutmak, her istedi\u011fimizde de\u011fil belirli zamanlarda bildirimleri kontrol vb gibi yollarla dikkat s\u00fcremiz \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, odaklanmam\u0131za geli\u015ftirerek ve en \u00f6nemlisi kendi kendimizi geli\u015ftirerek kitap okumak dahil bir \u00e7ok eylemin kolayla\u015faca\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. Kitab\u0131n onca faydas\u0131na, daha az enerji gerektirmesine ve teknolojinin bizi ruhsal olarak t\u00fckenmi\u015f hissettirmesine ra\u011fmen bir dopaminin ve bunun fark\u0131nda olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bizi ne kadar verimsizle\u015ftirdi\u011fini ve aptalla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etmek \u00a0ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6nemli. Bunu fark etmeye ba\u015flayan insan Pavlov insan\u0131 olmaktan kurtulmaya ba\u015flayan insand\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

YAZAR: Kardelen \u015eENSOY<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/neurosciencenews.com\/reading-brain-connections-4795\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/neurosciencenews.com\/reading-mental-flexibility-3787\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/medium.com\/@hughmcguire\/why-can-t-we-read-anymore-503c38c131fe<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.speeli.com\/articles\/view\/Why-some-people-find-it-hard-to-read-a-book<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.speeli.com\/articles\/view\/Why-some-people-want-everything-fast<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.speeli.com\/articles\/view\/How-shorter-attention-span-changed-everyday-life<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.realsimple.com\/health\/preventative-health\/benefits-of-reading-real-books<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.wikizero.info\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSW5mb21hbmlh<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9607763<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/time.com\/3858309\/attention-spans-goldfish\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.headspace.com\/blog\/2017\/02\/21\/getting-attention-span-back\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.kygm.gov.tr\/Eklenti\/55,yonetici-ozetipdf.pdf?0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.tuik.gov.tr\/basinOdasi\/haberler\/2016_66_20160531.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php\/File:Number_of_books_read_in_the_last_12_months,_2011.png#filehistory<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Okumak… \u0130nsano\u011flunun beyninde 5400 sene \u00f6nce ilk ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir yeti. Evet, beynimizde okumaktan sorumlu ba\u011flant\u0131lar dizisi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":1651,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4],"tags":[242,17,452,435,88,451,450,12,91,19],"yoast_head":"\nPavlov\u2019un \u0130nsanlar\u0131: Kitap Oku(ya)mamak | Ak\u0131l Defterim<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Psikoloji \u00f6\u011frencilerinin kaleminden yaz\u0131lar.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tpocg.org\/blog\/pavlovun-insanlari-kitap-okuyamamak\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pavlov\u2019un \u0130nsanlar\u0131: Kitap Oku(ya)mamak | Ak\u0131l Defterim\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" 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