{"id":1568,"date":"2017-12-08T15:37:37","date_gmt":"2017-12-08T13:37:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.tpocg.org\/blog\/?p=1568"},"modified":"2017-12-08T15:37:37","modified_gmt":"2017-12-08T13:37:37","slug":"sahte-anilar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.tpocg.org\/blog\/sahte-anilar","title":{"rendered":"Sahte An\u0131lar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hat\u0131rlamak konusunda ne kadar iyisiniz? D\u00fcn yedi\u011fi yeme\u011fi bile unutanlardan m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z yoksa \u00e7o\u011fu \u015feyi hat\u0131rlamak sizin i\u00e7in i\u015ften bile say\u0131lmaz m\u0131? Peki hat\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131zdan ne kadar eminsiniz? Ya da \u015f\u00f6yle soray\u0131m, baz\u0131 hat\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131z asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7 ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f olan \u201csahte an\u0131lar\u201d\u0131n\u0131z olabilir mi?<\/span><\/p>\n

Elizabeth Loftus uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r \u201chaf\u0131za\u201dyla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan bir psikolog. Yaln\u0131z \u00e7o\u011fumuzun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn aksine, \u201cunuttuklar\u0131m\u0131zla\u201d de\u011fil, \u201chat\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zla\u201d daha \u00e7ok ilgileniyor (Loftus, 2013). Bence bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde olduk\u00e7a dikkat \u00e7eken kavramlardan birisi de \u201cfalse memory\u201d yani \u201csahte haf\u0131za\u201d kavram\u0131. <\/span><\/p>\n

Sahte an\u0131lar, genellikle ger\u00e7ek an\u0131lar ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan telkinlerin birle\u015ftirilmesiyle olu\u015fur (Loftus, 1997). \u00d6rne\u011fin baba ve dedeyle sahile yap\u0131lan mutlu bir gezi an\u0131s\u0131 yak\u0131n biri taraf\u0131ndan verilen telkinlerle ki\u015finin kayboldu\u011fu ya da korktu\u011fu bir an\u0131 \u015feklinde bozulabilir. Sahte an\u0131lar, ger\u00e7ekten olup olmamas\u0131 fark etmeksizin bir \u015fekilde ki\u015fiye hayal ettirilebilir (Loftus, 1997). Elizabeth Loftus, haf\u0131zam\u0131z\u0131n yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve yeniden kurgulay\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler ve haf\u0131zay\u0131 bir Wikipedia sayfas\u0131na benzetir. Oraya girip yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz ama bunu ba\u015fkalar\u0131 da yapabilir (Loftus, 2013).<\/span><\/p>\n

Loftus ve Palmer, 1974\u2019te kullan\u0131lan dilin, g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini ara\u015ft\u0131ran bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131yor. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, insanlara araba kazalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren kay\u0131tlar izletiyorlar ve arac\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 soru \u015fekilleri kullanarak soruyorlar (McLeod, 2010). Bir gruptan arabalar par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki (smashed) h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmelerini isterken, di\u011fer bir gruptan arabalar \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki (collided) h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmelerini, bir di\u011ferinden arabalar birbirine vurdu\u011fundaki (hit) h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmelerini istiyor ve bu \u015fekilde farkl\u0131 soru kelimeleri kullan\u0131yor. Ve fark ediyorlar ki kullan\u0131lan kelimelere g\u00f6re tahmin edilen h\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fiyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201csmashed\u201d kelimesiyle soru sorulan grup, \u201chit\u201d kelimesiyle soru sorulan gruba g\u00f6re arabalar\u0131 daha h\u0131zl\u0131 buluyor (McLeod, 2010).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki false memory\u2019nin etkisi yaln\u0131zca deneylerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yor. Steve Titus, 31 ya\u015f\u0131nda ve Seattle\u2019da ya\u015fayan bir restoran m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc. Ni\u015fanl\u0131s\u0131yla evlenme planlar\u0131 yap\u0131yor ve hayat\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fk\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bir ak\u015fam ni\u015fanl\u0131s\u0131yla birlikte ak\u015fam yeme\u011finden eve d\u00f6nerken, arabalar\u0131 polisler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evriliyor ve Steve Titus\u2019\u0131n arabas\u0131n\u0131n o ak\u015fam kad\u0131n bir otostop\u00e7uya tecav\u00fcz eden bir adam\u0131n arabas\u0131na benzedi\u011fi ve Titus\u2019\u0131n da tecav\u00fcz eden adama benzedi\u011fi s\u00f6yleniyor. Bunun \u00fczerine polis foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekip zanl\u0131 te\u015fhis odas\u0131na koyuyor ve tecav\u00fcz ma\u011fduru kad\u0131n Titus\u2019\u0131n foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n tecav\u00fczc\u00fcye olduk\u00e7a benzedi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Ve Steve Titus tecav\u00fczle su\u00e7lan\u0131yor. Tecav\u00fcz ma\u011fduru k\u00fcrs\u00fcye gelerek, \u201ctecav\u00fczc\u00fcn\u00fcn bu adam oldu\u011funa kesinlikle eminim\u201d diyor ama Titus, ailesi ve ni\u015fanl\u0131s\u0131 masum oldu\u011fu konusunda itiraz ediyorlar (Loftus, 2013). Buna ra\u011fmen Titus cezaevine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Akl\u0131na yerel gazeteden yard\u0131m istemek gelen Titus, bu konuyla ilgilenen bir gazeteci taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek su\u00e7lunun bulunmas\u0131yla ve adam\u0131n su\u00e7unu itiraf etmesiyle aklan\u0131yor ve hapishaneden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ama Titus, bu y\u0131l\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc ge\u00e7en bir y\u0131l olarak kabul etmekte zorlan\u0131yor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015fini kaybediyor, ni\u015fanl\u0131s\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131yor ve t\u00fcm birikimini kaybediyor. Ve buna sebep olanlara dava a\u00e7maya karar veriyor. Elizabeth Loftus da tam bu yerinde davaya dahil oluyor ve tecav\u00fcz ma\u011fdurunun nas\u0131l oluyor da \u201cbu adam tecav\u00fczc\u00fcye \u00e7ok benzer\u201d demek yerine \u201ckesinlikle bu adam oldu\u011funa eminim\u201d dedi\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Titus ise, hen\u00fcz 35 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken stres kaynakl\u0131 bir kalp kriziyle kendi a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davadan birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybediyor (Loftus, 2013).<\/span><\/p>\n

Maalesef Elizabeth Loftus\u2019un 2013\u2019te yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 TED konu\u015fmas\u0131nda da bahsetti\u011fi gibi, g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201csahte haf\u0131za\u201dn\u0131n etkisine rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z olduk\u00e7a fazla \u00f6rnek de mevcut.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mine M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131soy ve Suzan Ceylan\u2019\u0131n (2014) \u201cOlay Sonras\u0131 Yanl\u0131\u015f Bilgi Paradigmas\u0131: Ya\u015flanma ve Stresin Etkisi\u201d makalesinden okudu\u011fum \u00fczere g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar telkinin etkisiyle yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlaman\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan sebepleri ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Bu konudaki en kapsaml\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n, \u201ckaynak atfetme hatas\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funa dair \u00f6nemli bulgular vard\u0131r. Bu hataya g\u00f6re; olay\u0131n oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada edinilen bellekle, olaydan sonra edinilen belle\u011fin birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu ki\u015filer telkin edilen olaya dair yanl\u0131\u015f belle\u011fe sahip olurlar (Chambers ve Zaragoza, 2001).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu okuduklar\u0131n\u0131zdan sonra, sizce haf\u0131zan\u0131z hala yeterince g\u00fcvenilir mi? Eminim ki \u00e7ok iyi hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015feylerden bile \u015f\u00fcpheye d\u00fc\u015fenlerimiz olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bence de, haf\u0131za Elizabeth Loftus\u2019un da s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi bir Wikipedia sayfas\u0131na benziyor. Biz o bilgileri de\u011fi\u015ftirebiliriz ama dahas\u0131 bunu ba\u015fka birisi de yapabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

YAZAR:<\/em> Didem KATIRCILAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131soy, M., & Ceylan, S. (2014). Olay sonras\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi paradigmas\u0131: ya\u015flanma ve stresin etkisi. <\/span>T\u00fcrk Psikolojik Yaz\u0131lar Dergisi<\/span>, 17(33):60-73. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.turkpsikolojiyazilari.com\/PDF\/TPY\/33\/05.pdf<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

McLeod, S. (2010). Loftus and Palmer. Retrieved from: <\/span>https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/loftus-palmer.html<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Loftus, E. (2013). Elizabeth Loftus: Haf\u0131zan\u0131n Kurgusu [Video File]. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/elizabeth_loftus_the_fiction_of_memory?language=tr#t-2629<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hat\u0131rlamak konusunda ne kadar iyisiniz? D\u00fcn yedi\u011fi yeme\u011fi bile unutanlardan m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z yoksa \u00e7o\u011fu \u015feyi hat\u0131rlamak sizin i\u00e7in i\u015ften […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":1571,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,1],"tags":[286,17,428,289,12,19],"yoast_head":"\nSahte An\u0131lar | Ak\u0131l Defterim<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Psikoloji \u00f6\u011frencilerinin kaleminden yaz\u0131lar.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tpocg.org\/blog\/sahte-anilar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sahte An\u0131lar | Ak\u0131l Defterim\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Psikoloji 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